We aimed to investigate the protective effects of S. maxima and its underlying mechanisms on blue light (BL)-caused macular degeneration are unknown. maxima), a cyanobacterium, has inhibitory effects against oxidative stress. Thus, an antagonist that blocks GEF-H1 signaling effectively inhibits disease features in in vitro and in vivo disease models, demonstrating that GEF-H1 is an effective therapeutic target and establishing a new therapeutic approach.Īge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a significant visual impairment in older people, and there is no treatment for dry AMD. Finally, the most potent inhibitor was successfully tested in an experimental retinal disease mouse model, in which it inhibited blood vessel leakage and ameliorated retinal inflammation when treatment was initiated after disease diagnosis. Successful inhibitors were then evaluated in models of TGFβ-induced fibrosis, LPS-stimulated endothelial cell-cell junction disruption, and cell migration. Candidate inhibitors were tested for their ability to block RhoA/GEF-H1 binding in vitro, and their potency and specificity in cell-based assays. Inhibitors were designed using a structural in silico approach or by isolating an inhibitory sequence from the autoregulatory C-terminal domain. Here, we have generated peptide inhibitors to block the function of GEF-H1. The Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) GEF-H1/ARHGEF-2 is induced in disease and stimulates inflammatory and fibrotic processes, cell migration, and metastasis. Inflammation and fibrosis are important components of diseases that contribute to the malfunction of epithelia and endothelia. Intravitreal conbercept injection showed an excellent local therapeutic efficacy for this eye condition. In conclusion, chronic urticaria could cause central serous chorioretinopathy, leading to choroidal neovascularization. Finally, no abnormality was found in her ocular examination after 4 months of first injection. She received an intravitreal injection of conbercept (0.5 mg/eye/time) monthly. The patient was diagnosed with choroidal neovascularization. A 28-year-old female was presented with blurred vision and distorted images in her right eye for 6 days. In this study, we described the pathologic changes of ocular fundus in a patient with history of chronic urticaria and central serous chorioretinopathy. However, the pathologic changes of the ocular fundus caused by chronic urticaria are rarely reported. It could cause serious complications such as laryngeal edema, vasculitis, and diarrhea. Chronic urticaria is a dermatological condition characterized by the appearance of wheals or angioedema longer than 6 weeks.
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